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Also spelt triskeles and also referred to at times as
three-pointed pinwheels. |
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Olympiad dates are quoted
from various 21st century information sources, however we noted
numbering begins from 776 B.C according to certain specialists,
and 884 B.C. according to others. All agree the Games lasted
approximately twelve centuries (884.B.C./776 B.C. - A.D. 394).
It has been indicated records do not precede the given dates
because no winners' names are known prior to these times. Literary
and archaeological guides hint the Games existed as far back
as the 10th or 9th century B.C. We wondered if connections exist
between Olympic or battle victories and the placing of triskelions'
specific years upon the coins of Greece and Magna Graecia.
Olympia's coins were only struck during the Events, every four
years. Cleanthis Palaeologos, Honorary Directorof the National
Academy of Physical Culture of Greece offers us an interesting
insight into the Olympics : http://www.ioa.leeds.ac.uk/1960s/64061.htm
and for those wishing more in depth information: http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/intro2.html:
(go to public games and sacred festivals). |
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Egypt's fascinating Tell
el-Amarna tablets discovered in 1887 contain mostly correspondence
sent to Egyptian Pharaos mid 14th century B.C. The signatories
were : Kings of Babylonia, Assyria and various rulers of the
Near East. |
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Depending upon sources
Considerable differences exist dating the Trojan War. We decided
to use the date cited by Larousse dictionary. |
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This standard is studied
in depth by :
— www.1911encyclopedia.org./w/we/weights_and_measures.htm
— www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/100coin3.htm.
— http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/intro.html |
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Ancient monetary systems: http://www.sfagn.com/miscellanea/daehn.html |
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Treviri : the city of Trèves
region — Gaul. |
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The bowl is from Museo
Archeologico Regionale di Agrigento. inv. Ag 4328 Cleveland
Museum of art exhibition : Magna Graecia : Greek art from Italy
and Sicily . |
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This image is viewable
at: www.temple.edu/classics/troyimages
Go to : the Trojan War/Achilles dragging the corpse of Hector. |
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The New Larousse Encyclopedia of
Mythology, 1985-pg 101 |
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This myth is recounted
from the Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. There are other
versions such as Virgil III,578 . |
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Museums such as :
the Chora Archaeological Museum ( Messina)
— http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm02.html
— the Herakleion Archaeological Museum ( Kamares style
)
— the British Museum presents a 580-530 B.C. Greek spiral
motif wine jar found at Vulci (today's Lazio) Italy. |
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| *13 |
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Bracteates are pendants
or other jewellery, decorated on one side, often in gold relief.
They were copies of Roman medals upon which Nordic peoples replaced
their own motifs. |
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In 1806 Napoleon's older
brother Giuseppe Napoleone Bonaparte became King but was succeeded
by Gioacchine Napoleone Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law. By
1815 Ferdinando IV returned to Naples, reuniting the two kingdoms.
In Naples the King's title was Ferdinanco IV but in Sicily,
Ferdinanco III, and meanwhile the monarch remained Ferdinando
I of the Two Sicilies. No small confusion. He was succeeded
by Ferdinando II whose epithet was King Bomba ! |
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Phocaeans also founded Massalia,
today's Marseille. |
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It is thanks to the helping
hand of Professor Patricia Lawrence (Baton Rouge, LA.)
the Athenian coin came to light for this study. |
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| *17 |
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Author: “Dilip Rajpor
has studied 10,000 punch-marked coins and 66 coin-hoards. Based
on this study, he has forwarded a Catalogue of Coins of 1288
coin varieties in electrum, silver and copper. All these coins
are classified into 83 Coin Series assignable to 17 Janapadas.
This attribution is a synthesis of two important factors, provenance
of coins and location of ancient Janapadas during the early
historic period.” |
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| *18 |
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This spheric symbol sometimes
described as a “spade device” is found on cylinder
seals, one Babylonian
example dated 800-600 B.C. is to be found in the Schoyen collection. |
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| *19 |
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Other descriptions mention severed
heads bound to saddle horns. |
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| *22 |
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See Grove
Dictionary of Art and the controversy of Nike |
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| *23 |
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See Bibliography “The Coins of Mongol Empire”. |
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